비엔나 1900 모더니즘

“ They emphasized that the function of the modern artist was not to convey beauty, but to convey new truths. ”

“ Freud's theorizing, Schnitzler's writings, and the paintings of Klimt, Schiele, and Kokoschka had a common insight into the nature of human instinctual life. During the period of 1890 to 1918, the insights of these five men into the irrationality of everyday life helped Vienna to become the center of modernist thought and culture. We still live in that culture today. ”

“ Modernism began in the mid-nineteenth century as a response not only to the restrictions and hypocrisies of everyday life, but also as a reaction to the Enlightenment's emphasis on the rationality of human behavior. The Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, was characterized by the idea that all is well with the world because human action is governed by reason. It is through reason that we achieve enlightenment, because our mind can exert control over our emotions and feelings. ”

“ The biological function of art, in other words, is that of a rehearsal, a training in mental gymnastics which increases our tolerance of the unexpected. ”

“ In Vienna, Modernism had three main characteristics: The first was the new view of the human mind as being largely irrational by nature. ”

“ The third characteristic of Modernism in Vienna was the attempt to integrate and unify knowledge, an attempt driven by science and inspired by Darwin' insistence that human beings must be understood biologically in the same way as other animals. ”

“ This scientific approach to medicine contributed a metaphor for the modernist approach to reality: only by going below surface appearance can we find reality. ”

“ Freud emphasized that much of mental life is unconscious; it becomes conscious only as words and images. ”

“ But rather than painting a view of the stage or the actors on it, Klimt painted specific, recognizable members of the audience AS SEEN FROM THE STAGE. These members of the audience were not attending to the play but to their own inner thoughts. The real drama of Vienna, Klimt's painting implies, did not take place on the stage, it took place in the private theater of the audience's mind. ”

“ the painting has an additional, historical meaning: it is one of Klimt's first paintings to depart from a traditional three-dimensional space and move into a modern, flattened space that the artist decorated luminously. (...) He(...) turned the artist's view inward - away from the three-dimensional outside world and toward the multidimensional inner self and the unconscious mind. (...) Klimt read Darwin and became fascinated with the structure of the cell - (...) Thus, the small iconographic images on Adele's dress are not simply decorative, (...) Instead, they are symbold of male and female cells: rectangular sperm and ovoid eggs. These biologically inspired fertility symbols are designed to match the sitter's seductive face to her full-blown reproductive capabilities. ”

“ Moreover, by systematically developing the clinical- pathological correlation, he was applying to medicine the insight of the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras, a founder of atomic theory: "The phenomena are a visible expression of that which is hidden." Rokitansky argued that to discover the truth, we must look below the surface appearance of things. ”

“ Klimt's use of biological symbols to convey the truth beneath the surface was paralleled in the work of Sigmund Freud, Arthur Schnitzler, Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele. ”