quantum supremacy

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“ So Feynman rewrote the quantum theory in terms of the principle of least action. In this view, subatomic particles “sniff out” all possible paths. On each path he put a factor related to the action and Planck’s constant. Then he summed or integrated over all possible paths. This is now called the path integral approach, because you are adding up contributions from all the paths an object can take. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ So how does Mother Nature solve the problem of decoherence, the most difficult problem in quantum computers, to enable photosynthesis at room temperature? By summing over all paths. As Feynman showed, electrons can “sniff” out all possible paths to do their miraculous work. In other words, photosynthesis, and hence life itself, may be a by-product of Feynman’s path integral approach. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ But this “collapsing” has haunted quantum physicists for the past century. This process of “collapsing” the wave seems so alien, so contrived and artificial, yet it is crucial process that allows one to leave the quantum world and enter our macroscopic world. Why does it snap to attention just when we decide to look at it? It is the bridge between the micro- and macroworlds, but it is a bridge with huge philosophical holes in it. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ Perhaps the most outrageous of these proposals was made in 1956 by graduate student Hugh Everett. We recall that the quantum theory can be summarized in roughy four broad principles. The last one is the sticking point, where we “collapse” the wave function to decide what state the system is in. Everett’s proposal was daring and controversial: his theory says simply to drop the last statement that says the wave “collapses” so it never does at all. Each possible solution continues to exit in its own reality, producing, as the theory is known, “many worlds.” ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. … I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I —— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ The key advantage of a quantum computer is time. Although both classical and quantum computers can perform certain tasks, the time it takes classical computers to crack a difficult problem may take it totally impractical. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ In the future, top secret messages may be sent on a separate internet channel carried by laser beams, not electrical cables. Laser beams are polarized, meaning that the waves vibrate in only one plane. When a criminal tries ti tap into the laser beams, this changes the direction of polarization of the laser, which is immediately detected by a monitor. In this way, you know, by the laws of the quantum theory, that some one has tapped into your communication. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ This problem of security is also leading to a new technology called quantum key distribution, which transfers encryption keys using entangled qubits, so that one can detect immediately if someone is hacking into your network. Already, Japan’s Toshiba company has predicted that QKD may generate up to $3 billion in revenue by the end of this decade. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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1. superconducting quantum computer: IBM 2. ion trap quantum computer: Honeywell 3. photonic quantum computer: China, Xanadu 4. silicon photonic quantum computer: PsiQuantum 5. topological quantum computer: Microsoft, Delft University of Technology 6. D-wave quantum computer: Canada(D-Wave company)

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“ Whirlwind advances in quantum computers are giving birth to new sciences called computational chemistry and quantum biology. Finally, quantum computers are making it possible to create realistic models of molecules, allowing scientists the ability to see, atom for atom, nanosecond by nanosecond, how chemical reactions take place. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ Through these means biologists were able to slowly understand the life history of plants. But one step always eluded them. How do plants capture the energy of photons of light in the first place? What starts this long chain of events, beginning with the capture of the energy of sunlight? It remains a mystery to this day. But quantum computers may help unravel it. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ The photon of light impacts chlorophyll, and this creates energy vibrations on the leaf, called excitons, which somehow travel along the surface of the leaf. Eventually, these excitations enter what is called a collection centre on the surface of the leaf, where the energy of exciton is used to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. … Instead, miraculously, the energy of the exciton is carried to the collection centre with almost no energy loss at all. For reasons that are still not understood, this process is almost 100 percent efficient. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ For example, trying to model the penicillin molecule with a conventional computer faces an enormous challenge. Doing so would require 10^86 bits of computer memory, far beyond the capability of any digital computer. But this is within the capability of a quantum computer. So trying to discover new drugs by analyzing their molecular behaviour can be a prime target for quantum computers. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ The reason is that they have 220 million nasal scents receptors, while humans have only 5 million. So their sense of smell is many times more accurate than that of humans. It is so accurate that they can detect concentrations of one part per trillion, which is equivalent to detecting a single drop of liquid in twenty Olympic-sized swimming pools. And the area of their brain devoted to analyzing smells is much larger than its counterpart in human brains. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ Normally, we think of our lives as a series of accidents, coincidences, and random experiences. But with enhanced AI, we will one day be able to edit this treasure trove of memories and arrange it in an orderly fashion. And quantum computers will help sort through this material, using search engines to find missing background material and editing the narrative. In some sense, our digital selves will never die. So perhaps our legacy of cherished personal memories and achievements does not have to dissipate and scatter with the shifting sands of time when we pass away. Perhaps quantum computers will give us a form of immortality. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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“ The first inkling of a crack in the Standard Model came from the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory outside Chicago in 2021. The huge particle detector there found a slight deviation in the magnetic properties of mu measons (which are commonly found in cosmic rays). A massive amount of data had to be analised to find this tiny deviation, but if holds up, it could signal the presence of new forces and interactions beyond the Standard Model. ”

『양자컴퓨터의 미래 - 양자컴퓨터 혁명은 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 것인가』 미치오 카쿠 지음, 박병철 옮김

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As with Michio Kaku’s other publications, the book proves compelling in its exposition of diverse research endeavours currently under way across the globe. The purported superiority of quantum computers derives from their capacity to transcend temporal constraints. When the inquiry into how surpasses the limits imposed by time, nature begins to unveil the fine structure of its operative principles. Only then does the possibility emerge that humanity may address—and ultimately resolve—the pressing problems with which it is presently confronted. Thus, we may ask again: Can there exist questions that remain impervious even to the overcoming of temporal limitations? And further: Can ‘quantum humanity’ truly be regarded as an evolved form of our present? Fin. 2025.10.31.FRI

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